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set1.title = "Which photo was taken by Edward Curtis?"
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"Atsina crazy dance: A dancer kisses the grandfather",
"A Gentleman of the \"Old West\": scout, Indian fighter, hunter, trapper",
"Colville men including Wait Nanpooya & Eddie Moses pose in open car"
)
set1.imageInfo = new Array(
"1908, Edward S. Curtis, from The North American Indian .",
"189-?, Likely by Job V. Harrison.",
"July 4, 1916, Washington, Photographer Unidentified."
)
set1.imageObservations = new Array(
"Curtis showed Indians doing traditional activities, wearing traditional clothing. Sometimes he posed his subjects in clothes they no longer wore in daily life. He even asked some to wear wigs to disguise their modern haircuts. Did Curtis ask these people to dress up for this picture? We don't know.",
"Notice this man's European-style clothing, the floral pattern on the carpet, and the pistol lying on the ground. Even though many Native Americans at this time wore clothing like this, Curtis did not like to show them dressed this way. In fact, this man is not an Indian at all, but a white Indian fighter -- another reason why Curtis wouldn't have photographed him!",
"Edward Curtis usually did not show his subjects with modern artifacts, like a car. He wanted to portray American Indians as they had lived before contact with whites. "
)
set1.description = ""
set1.answer = "0"
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set2.title = "Which photo was taken by Edward Curtis?"
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"Nez Percez Chief Joseph & Red Thunder pose with Edmund S. Meany",
"Nez Percez Chief Joseph and Buffalo Bill pose with several men",
"Nez Percez Chief Joseph with General O.O. Howard & Colonel Pratt"
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set2.imageInfo = new Array(
"1903, Edward S. Curtis.",
"1897, New York, Photographer Unidentified.",
"c. 1885, Photographer Unidentified."
)
set2.imageObservations = new Array(
"Chief Joseph the 'Noble Savage': Notice how Nez Percez leader Chief Joseph (left) and his companion are almost on display: they are sitting very close to the camera and are elaborately dressed. The white man, a historian named Edmund Meany, seems to 'present' them to the camera. Some of Curtis' critics believe that he treated his subjects like exhibits rather than people. Edward Curtis chose to portray Chief Joseph as an aging warrior in traditional clothes, rather than in his other roles. The Indian leader died soon after this picture was taken",
"Chief Joseph the Celebrity: In his 25 year struggle to win land and rights for his people, the Nez Percez leader Chief Joseph (center) took on many roles. A warrior at first, after his people were defeated he became a politician, a lobbyist, and even a celebrity spokesman. Here he poses with Buffalo Bill Cody (right), whose Wild West Show entertained audiences all over the United States and Europe with acts like trick riders, sharpshooters, and American Indian performers in exotic costumes. ",
"Chief Joseph the Politician: Nez Percez leader Chief Joseph (right) wore many hats in his efforts to attract attention and support for the struggles of his people. Here he is pictured as a reformer among equals the man on the left is Colonel Richard Pratt, who founded the Carlisle Indian school, where young American Indian boys were trained to live like white Americans."
)
set2.description = ""
set2.answer = "0"
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set3.title = "Which photo was taken by Edward Curtis?"
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"Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show",
"Spokanes in ceremonial dress pose under banner",
"Assiniboin bowman"
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set3.imageInfo = new Array(
"between 1890 and 1900, E Vandyk",
"undated, Photographer Unidentified.",
"1926, Edward S. Curtis, from The North American Indian ."
)
set3.imageObservations = new Array(
"This is actually a staged shoot-out from Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, which toured the country to huge audiences in the 1880s and 1890s. The picture is grainy, but you can see the fake backdrop and the stiff poses of the actors who are 'fighting.' Wild West shows like the cowboy and Indian movies that would come later re-enacted the conquest of Indians by white settlers. Most Americans probably would have cheered the white settlers. Some, like Curtis, would have been thinking about what was lost countless lives, lands and vibrant cultures. ",
"Did you notice the banner sign, the tents in the background, the white people standing around watching? These details suggest that the Spokane Indians in this photo are at a circus or carnival, where their \"War Dance\" would be part of the entertainment. Curtis almost always showed Native American customs in settings that were free from this kind of commercial display. ",
"The other two photos in this set were taken at entertainment events where American Indian actors portrayed warriors. This picture presents Curtiss view of what a \"real\" bowman looked like -- an individual man who is part of untamed nature."
)
set3.description = ""
set3.answer = "2"
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set4.title = "Which photo was taken by Edward Curtis?"
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"In a Piegan Lodge",
"Descendants of the original inhabitants of Dakota Territory",
"Old Tolowie and other Nooksack Indians"
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set4.imageInfo = new Array(
"1911, Edward S. Curtis from The North American Indian.",
"190-?, Photographer Unidentified.",
"1903, Hadley, Urban P."
)
set4.imageObservations = new Array(
"Curtis usually portrayed American Indians as strong and noble people whose traditional cultures were full of beauty, harmony and communion with nature. Here he pictures two men in elaborate clothes, surrounded by a whole collection of traditional artifacts - patterned hand-woven cloth, pipes and baskets. Do you think they really lived like this at the time that Curtis took his photo?",
"This photograph looks at first like it might be a Curtis, but there are lots of visual clues that it is not. For one thing, this picture is colored. In fact, it was hand-tinted - the color is actually painted on. This technique was popular at the turn of the century, especially for pictures that were sold commercially, but it was not used by Edward Curtis. Also, this photo is poorly composed. Notice the second, unidentifiable group of people in the background, and the way that the photographer didn't make a strong choice between the tepees and the people as subjects. Edward Curtis had a well-developed artistic style, while this photographer did not.",
"This photo shows a group of Nooksack Indians dressed in European-style clothes in front of what is probably their home. The strange building seems to incorporate both Nooksack and white-American building styles. In reality, this mixing of traditions and techniques was happening in American Indian communities all over the U.S. at the turn of the century, but Edward Curtis seldom depicted it. "
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set5.title = "Which photo was taken by Edward Curtis?"
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"Old woman with hop basket",
"Fishermen at Celilo Falls",
"Makah whaler named Charlie Parker"
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set5.imageInfo = new Array(
"c. 1900, Wilse, Anders B..",
"undated, Washington, Markham, Benjamin Clayton.",
"1915, Washington, Edward S. Curtis."
)
set5.imageObservations = new Array(
"This is a traditional activity, and one Curtis might easily have photographed. But note the woman's printed headscarf. Curtis would have avoided showing a fabric that was machine made - though most Indians wore them at the time. ",
"The handwritten caption at the bottom of this photo is one clue that it is probably not a picture by Curtis, who thought of his pictures more as art than as postcards. Also, if you look closely you can see a metal bridge stretching across the water in the background - a sign of white civilization that Curtis would not have included in one of his portraits.",
"We have no way of knowing whether this Makah man actually hunted for whales using these tools - or whether they were simply props that Curtis asked him to pose with. A historian (cite his/her name) has written:\"Enamored of the worldview and lifestyles of earlier native populations, Curtis sought to portray Indian people as he envisioned they had been: living an unspoiled existence in a time prior to contact with Europeans. His ennobling, aesthetic treatment of his subjects was often achieved with the help of props - traditional artifacts and dress that had, by Curtis' time, long been out of use.\" [site this]
Was this right? See historians debate the question. "
)
set5.description = ""
set5.answer = "2"
var set6 = new Object()
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set6.title = "Which photo was taken by Edward Curtis?"
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"Conversation",
"Yakama circle visitors",
"Masked dancers - Qagyuhl"
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set6.imageInfo = new Array(
"between 1900 and 1919, Photographer Unidentified.",
"1894, Parker, Washington, Hamacher.",
"1914, Edward S. Curtis"
)
set6.imageObservations = new Array(
"This candid shot of American Indians and a white man talking on a town street would not likely be taken by Curtis. Even though American Indians and whites were interacting in many different ways at the turn of the century, Edward Curtis preferred to show Indians as he believed they lived before they had contact with whites. ",
"This is the kind of picture you might see in a newspaper: it records a public event that has happened in this case, a visit by a \"white lady reporter\" to a group of Yakama Indians in Washington State. Notice how far away the people are, and how you can barely make out their clothing or expressions. Edward Curtis' photos were more like artwork than journalism. He usually focused his pictures on clearly defined subjects, and took care to highlight details he thought were important. The low artistic quality of this picture is a clue that it is probably not a Curtis photo. ",
"In the world Edward Curtis depicted, American Indians hardly ever encountered white Americans. Instead, they lived with other American Indians, acting out the same relationships, conflicts, and ceremonies as they had before the arrival of whites in North America. Here, Curtis pictured a group of masked and costumed Qugyuhl people, dressed to perform in a Winter Ceremony."
)
set6.description = ""
set6.answer = "2"