Here is what Hine wrote as the caption to this photograph:
All these [people] shuck oysters in the Dunbar Cannery. They begin work about 3 A.M. and work until about 5 P.M. with half an hour for lunch at noon. The great hill of oyster shells is but part of one seasonÕs product.", "Notice the children playing together as equals, their neat dress, and the woman (their teacher) watching over the game. Lewis Hine thought that all children should have basic things like clean living conditions, time to go to school, and safe places to play. But he rarely took pictures of these things, because as a documentary photographer his goal was to point out what needed to be changed. Documentary photography is a process with a purpose: to identify a problem, collect a body of evidence, and then communicate that evidence to the public so they will work toward a solution. Unlike these rural North Dakota children who seem to be enjoying their childhood, Hine photographed immigrant children who lived in crowded city neighborhoods and worked long hours in factories or their own homes. " ) set1.description = "" set1.answer = "1" var set2 = new Object() set2.number = "2" set2.backColor = "ffffff" set2.title = "Which photo was taken by Lewis Hine?" set2.imageThumbs = new Array( "*", "*", "*" ) set2.imagesSmall = new Array( "images/hine/set2a_sm.jpg", "images/hine/set2b_sm.jpg", "images/hine/set2c_sm.jpg" ) set2.imagesLarge = new Array( "images/hine/set2a.jpg", "images/hine/set2b.jpg", "images/hine/set2c.jpg" ) set2.imagesMed = new Array( "images/hine/set2a_med.jpg", "images/hine/set2b_med.jpg", "images/hine/set2c_med.jpg" ) set2.imagesHeight= new Array( 589, 454, 566 ) set2.imagesWidth= new Array( 418, 640, 400 ) set2.imagesMedHeight = new Array(248, 177, 248) set2.imagesMedWidth = new Array(175, 250, 175) set2.imageSubTitles = new Array( "Indianapolis, Indiana", "Street scene. Denver, Colorado", "Boy with issue of Saturday Evening Post." ) set2.imageInfo = new Array( "Photographed by Lewis W. Hine, 1908. .", "Photographed by Harry M. Rhoads, between 1900 and 1913", "Location not given, likely in North Dakota. Photographed by Fred Hulstrand, 191-?" ) set2.imageObservations = new Array( "Hine often gives viewers an 'inside look' at the conditions of children's workÑin this case, young boys who sell newspapers on the street. Notice the simple gesture Hine chooses to put at the center of the picture: a small boy 's hand barely reaching the top of the counter where he will collect his pay. In choosing to photograph this moment, Hine calls our attention to the inappropriateness of a small child in an adult-sized workplace. Other details in the photo also speak to this relationship: What do the bare feet, the wire between the man and the boys, and the fact that the boys are mostly faceless, suggest to you?
Here is what Hine wrote as the caption to this photograph:
Indianapolis newsboys buying brass checks in a newspaper office. These checks cost at the rate of one-half the selling price of the newspapers and are exchanged at another window for the number of papers they call for.", "This photograph records a fleeting moment on a windy city street. It is not a 'documentary' photograph the way Lewis Hine's are. Hine's photographs usually have a clear subjectÑ a person or a place or a relationship he wants us to notice and think about. They also have an intention: to call our attention to something that needs to be changed. The newsboy smirking at the photographer is as much the subject as the two people bracing against the wind, or, the windy day itself? Overall, this picture was taken by Harry M. Rhoads was a newspaper photographer. For its eye-catching appeal. ", "This photograph, like the other two in the set, features a newsboy, a subject of interest to Hine. But unlike the others, it is a staged shot. Notice the painted backdrop behind the boy, and way the cap and the newspaper are used as props. With the boy's gesture of counting his money, the picture seems to tell a story about the rewards of hard work and thrift. There is a sentimental, almost dreamy quality to the image that Hine purposefully avoided in his photographs. " ) set2.description = "" set2.answer = "0" var set3 = new Object() set3.number = "3" set3.backColor = "ffffff" set3.title = "Which photo was taken by Lewis Hine?" set3.imageThumbs = new Array( "*", "*", "*" ) set3.imagesSmall = new Array( "images/hine/set3a_sm.jpg", "images/hine/set3b_sm.jpg", "images/hine/set3c_sm.jpg" ) set3.imagesLarge = new Array( "images/hine/set3a.jpg", "images/hine/set3b.jpg", "images/hine/set3c.jpg" ) set3.imagesMed = new Array( "images/hine/set3a_med.jpg", "images/hine/set3b_med.jpg", "images/hine/set3c_med.jpg" ) set3.imagesHeight= new Array( 468, 371, 431 ) set3.imagesWidth= new Array( 640, 763, 600 ) set3.imagesMedHeight = new Array(183, 183, 180) set3.imagesMedWidth = new Array(250, 376, 250) set3.imageSubTitles = new Array( "A scene of domestic tranquility", "Umatilla girls in sewing class", "" ) set3.imageInfo = new Array( " Location not given, likely in North Dakota. Photographed by Frederick Hulstrand, 190-?", "Umatilla Indian Reservation, Oregon. Photographed by Lee Moorhouse, date unknown", "New York City. Photographed by Lewis W. Hine, 1911." ) set3.imageObservations = new Array( "This photograph presents a peaceful picture of household work and craft. The two women are engaged in the very old and skilled practice of spinning wool into yarn in order to make clothÑand some of the products of their labor lay finished at their feet. The caption from this photograph tells us that these women are using an Icelandic spinning wheel. Notice the seafaring symbols woven into their workÑa fish and an anchorÑrepresenting the life of their forebears in northern Europe.
Lewis Hine photographed the kinds of industrial labor that in 1900 were quickly replacing crafts like this. In his photos, when women, children and men are working together at home they are not in the country but in crowded city tenements. And they are doing 'piecework' -- making thousands of small, identical parts for products, like hats and dresses, that they will never see in finished form. ", "This picture of children sewing shows a classroom rather than a workroom setting. How do we know? Notice how the girls are all dressed alike in what look like uniforms, and there is no evidence of finished work in the room. In fact, this is a picture of Umatilla Indian children being given a sewing class on a reservation in Oregon. People who supported Indian schoolsÑand made pictures like thisÑbelieved that modern work habits would make Indians more 'American', and less trouble to White Americans. Hine's photographs reveal a very different belief that many of the conditions of modern industrial work were a danger to workers, children, and ultimately, to all Americans. ", "Even though they are at home, these children and their mother are doing piece workÑ making products out of feathers to sell to a factory owner for 2.25 a week. Lewis Hine spent a great deal of time documenting the work being done in city tenements. Often, families would work together late into the evening or on vacations for pennies per piece. The work was so low-skilled that even the smallest children would be enlisted to help. Manufacturers who used home workers were able to skirt the new laws against child labor in factories, and poor families like this often did the sameÑthey kept their children out of school and home working because they needed the income. Lewis Hine does not judge the people here, and he does not sentimentalize them. Instead he makes it possible Ñin details like the sleeping child, the tiny table and the lack of windowsÑto see how piece work in the tenement put strain on families and children.
Here is what Hine wrote as the caption to this photograph:
Mrs. Mauro, and family working on feathers, make $2.25 a week. In vacation two or three times as much. Victoria, 8, Angeline, a neighbor, 10, Fiorandi, 10, Maggie, 11. Father is a street cleaner, and has a steady job." ) set3.description = "" set3.answer = "2" var set4 = new Object() set4.number = "4" set4.backColor = "ffffff" set4.title = "Which photo was taken by Lewis Hine?" set4.imageThumbs = new Array( "*", "*", "*" ) set4.imagesSmall = new Array( "images/hine/set4a_sm.jpg", "images/hine/set4b_sm.jpg", "images/hine/set4c_sm.jpg" ) set4.imagesLarge = new Array( "images/hine/set4a.jpg", "images/hine/set4b.jpg", "images/hine/set4c.jpg" ) set4.imagesMed = new Array( "images/hine/set4a_med.jpg", "images/hine/set4b_med.jpg", "images/hine/set4c_med.jpg" ) set4.imagesHeight= new Array( 402, 594, 467 ) set4.imagesWidth= new Array( 324, 422, 640 ) set4.imagesMedHeight = new Array(245, 245, 182) set4.imagesMedWidth = new Array(197, 174, 250) set4.imageSubTitles = new Array( "Breaker boys, Woodward Coal Mines", "", "Coal Mining, Primero Colorado. Photographer unknown, between 1900 and 1920." ) set4.imageInfo = new Array( "Kingston, Pennsylvania. Photographer unknown, c. 1900", "Brown, West Virginia. Photographed by Lewis W. Hine, 1908", "Primero, Colorado. Photographer unknown, between 1900 and 1920." ) set4.imageObservations = new Array( "This could be easily be a Hine shot, for it portrays children as coal miners, a treacherous job that he documented a great deal. But two qualities make it less likely to be a Hine picture. First, as a group shot it evokes a sense of group comraderie among the boys that has more to do with the social aspects of work than the effects of working conditions. Second, the quality of the picture itself is below Hine's level -- note in particular the child cut off on the right hand side. Hine was very careful in the formal composition of his shots. ", "This photograph of a young coal driver in West Virginia is a good example of Hine's documentary method. In the details of the boy's dirty face, his white neck and his coal-caked clothing, it highlights the terrible conditions of mining and their effect on a child. But it also highlightsÑchiefly in his gazeÑthe boy's stubborn individuality. Instead of being reduced to a symbol or made an object of our pity, the boy looks back at us as an equal. How does Hine do this? One way is by shooting the picture close up, and at the boy's eye level. But Hine must also have had a rapport with his subject. Whatever the case, Hine's camera allows us to see something general about the effect of mining on children, and also allows the boy to remain a subject, an individual human being with his own thoughts and feelings, which remain unknown to us.
Here is what Hine wrote as the caption to this photograph:
Young Driver in Mine. Has been driving one year. 7 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. daily.", "One of three pictures of young miners at work in this set, this shot conveys very little information about the workers or their job conditions. The photograph presents two young men driving an ore train, but gives almost no clues about the relationship of the workers to their environment. Hine uses the camera lens to investigate both the emotional and the objective situation of his photography subjects." ) set4.description = "" set4.answer = "1"